Intuition 백서 전문

Learning] over the other options, reducing fragmentation and enhancing data consistency. For instance: • Users making the statement [Machine Learning] [is] [a branch of AI] would prefer to use the identiﬁer [Machine Learning] over [ML] to maximize their economic rewards from future interactions involving this statement. 53 • As more users adopt [Machine Learning], the identiﬁer becomes the canonical choice, and those who initially used it are rewarded economically, reinforcing its status. This concept extends to Triples as well. In the previous example, [is] might not be the most explicit Predicate. A user might instead choose a more precise predicate such as [is a subset of]. Users are incentivized to con- verge on the most explicit and precise representations of data, as greater speciﬁcity enhances discoverability. Improved discoverability increases relevancy, which in turn ampliﬁes the potential for economic rewards. 8.4.2 A Language Protocol for Digital Information Interoperability With this, Intuition facilitates consensus on a common language across the web, guided by game-theoretic economic incentives. Historically, eﬀorts to facilitate peer-to-peer interactions have concentrated on the lower levels of the internet stack, such as the transfer of data packets and ensuring network connectivity. Protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, and DNS have established robust foundations for data transmission, addressing issues of reliability, routing, and domain naming, respectively. These foundational layers have been crucial in enabling the global, decentralized network we now call the Internet. However, while these lower layers have been adequately addressed, allowing for eﬃcient and reliable data transfer, the higher levels of the stack—speciﬁcally those involving data semantics and interoperability— remain fragmented and inconsistent. Traditional network protocols ensure that data can be transmitted from one point to another, but they do not address the interpretation, standardization, and meaningful integration of that data. Intuition’s framework represents a paradigm shift by focusing on standardizing the higher levels of the stack. It introduces a universal language protocol for digital information interoperability, addressing an unfulﬁlled need in the current internet infrastructure. By promoting consensus through economic incentives, Intuition ensures that data is not only transmitted but also seamlessly integrated and understood across diﬀerent platforms and applications. Moreover, the implementation of such a system has only recently become viable. With reliable data trans- mission and connectivity now largely a solved problem, attention can be turned to enhancing the quality and interoperability of the data itself. With the emergence of blockchain technology and trustless decentral- ized networks, new economic models and incentive structures that were not previously possible have been unlocked, allowing for the game theoretic mechanisms frequently employed in the blockchain ecosystem to be applied to higher-order consensus. 8.5 Primitives: In-Depth Analysis and A Rudimentary Implementation With a high-level overview of Intuition established, we can examine how the Intuition protocol may be implemented in practice, highlighting its feasibility. In this section, we will explore a preliminary EVM- based implementation. 8.5.1 Atoms Atom: Intuition ’s atomic unit of knowledge. Atoms can be used to represent Subjects, Predicates, Objects, and Triples. All Triples are a composition of Atoms, and Triples can be used as Atoms in other Triples. In the Intuition system, Atoms function as the building blocks through which all higher-complexity structures are formed. The terminology highlights the fundamental role these identiﬁers play - just as atoms combine to form molecules, these Atoms can be composed into higher-order arrangements, enabling the deterministic and semantic organization of complex data. The goal of the concept of Atoms is to achieve consensus around unique, globally persistent, decentralized digital identiﬁers for all things. Achieving consensus is essential for consistently and meaningfully referencing things of all types —people, places, words, products, concepts, pieces of arbitrary data, etc.—universally across the web. Atom Structure In the context of Intuition, an Atom represents any discrete entity, concept, or piece of data. The objective of Atoms is to assign a decentralized identiﬁer to every conceivable discrete thing. To achieve this, each Atom should possess at least three unique attributes, each contributing to essential functionality: 54 1. Atom Data : Atom Data provides a detailed description of the Atom, enabling the clear identi- ﬁcation of the concept or entity the Atom is meant to represent. This data can encompass any information of any format. This ﬂexibility allows for the representation of data of any granularity, from general concepts such as a word, formula, or piece of code, to people or organizations. It is recommended that heavy Atom Data be stored oﬀ-chain, preferably via a decentralized data storage solution such as IPFS, with only a URI pointing to this data stored on-chain. 2. Atom W allet: Each Atom has an associated Atom Wallet, which is meant to provide the Atom, or the rightful controller of the Atom, with agency over its identity. Any ‘wallet’ that is capable of handling controllership of the Atom is acceptable. Each Atom Wallet is initially controlled by the Atom Warden - a smart contract that manages all Atom Wallets - unless/until it is ‘recovered’ by an entity who can prove rightful ownership over the Atom (recovery methods will be explored later). 3. Atom V ault: An Atom Vault enables users to manipulate their balance with respect to each Atom by depositing tokens, thereby signaling the Atom’s relevance. The total value locked (TVL) within an Atom Vault acts as a metric of the Atom’s acceptance and importance within the system. Although any mechanism capable of trustlessly managing the tracking of balances can serve this purpose eﬀectively, the implementation discussed here will involve vaults adhering to patterns akin to those of the ERC-4626 Tokenized Vault Standard to achieve this functionality. Atom Data Atom Data provides a detailed description of the concept or entity represented by an Atom, ensuring its clear and distinct identiﬁcation and referenceability within the Intuition system. This data can reside in any location or format, adhering to any schemas - though, naturally, some schemas may be more supported than others. Although an atomURI may be any arbitrary URI that points to any data, there is a strong preference for storing Atom Data in oﬀ-chain veriﬁable data registries such as IPFS (InterPlanetary File System). Utilizing these platforms oﬀers signiﬁcant advantages, including immutability and persistence, which are crucial for maintaining data integrity, availability, and persistence. URIs pointing to this data, such as IPFS Content Identiﬁers (CIDs), should be stored on-chain as atomURIs, ensuring that the data remains easily accessible and veriﬁable. When linking to centralized data, there is a potential risk of data loss or alteration, as these sources may not oﬀer the same level of permanence and veriﬁability as decentralized storage solutions. To mitigate these risks and ensure the persistence of critical data, it is advisable to take a snapshot of the Web2 data and store it on a veriﬁable data registry. This snapshot captures the state of the data at a speciﬁc point in time, preserving its integrity and providing a stable reference that can be reliably accessed in the future. Transforming data into a more compatible format for easier consumption within Intuition is also important. This transformation process can involve standardizing the data schema, enriching the metadata, or converting the data into optimally compatible formats. For example, a Tweet’s content and metadata can be captured, converted into a standardized ‘social post’ format, and stored on IPFS, with the resulting CID linked as the atomURI. Because any data can be referenced by an Atom, encrypted data can also be referenced, allowing the use of any arbitrary encryption scheme to ensure data privacy. Although the utility of encrypted data may be limited by its inaccessibility, Intuition facilitates the discoverability of such data. For instance, a user may have sensitive, encrypted information such as health records or personal notes stored on their device or within an Identity Hub. The user can create an Atom that references this encrypted data and attach it to their identity using a Semantic Triple. For example, a triple like {[Person] [health records] [arbitrary encrypted data]} would make the data more easily discoverable and requestable by authorized parties, such as healthcare providers, as these parties would be able to query for {[Person] [health records]} . This capability enhances the accessibility and utility of encrypted data within a secure and privacy-respecting framework. Atom Wallet Each Atom within the Intuition system is equipped with an Atom Wallet, providing the Atom with agency over its identity. This wallet acts as the controller of the Atom, initially managed by Intu- ition’s Atom Warden—a specialized smart contract designed to facilitate the recovery of Atom Wallets. The recovery mechanism allows individuals who can demonstrate rightful ownership of the concept represented by an Atom to claim, or ‘recover’ control of, that Atom’s wallet. A parallel can be drawn to the platform Yelp in the Web2 environment. On Yelp, users can create proﬁles and post claims about restaurants before the establishments themselves have joined the platform. Once a restaurant registers on Yelp, it can claim and manage its proﬁle, thereby gaining control over its digital 55 identity. Similarly, in the Intuition system, users can create Atoms for any concept, and rightful owners can later gain control over these Atoms upon proving their legitimate ownership. One straightforward example of a recovery method involves verifying ownership of an Ethereum address. If the atomURI of an Atom corresponds to an Ethereum address, the recovery process can conﬁrm if the msg.sender matches the referenced address, using a method like ecrecover which allows for the recovery of a public key from a given signature. If there is a match, the Atom Warden would be authorized to transfer control of the Atom Wallet to the rightful owner. This method ensures that the true owner gains sovereignty over the Atom, enhancing the security and integrity of the decentralized identity system. This recovery process is more straightforward for some items than others, necessitating the introduction of new recovery methods for diﬀerent Atom Types over time. This iterative development will ensure robust and ﬂexible mechanisms for the decentralized management of digital identities within the Intuition framework. It is also recommended that the CREATE2 opcode be employed to instantiate wallets in advance of recovery, which can signiﬁcantly reduce gas costs. By leveraging CREATE2, wallet addresses can be deterministically precomputed and deployed only when a transfer of ownership is necessary. This approach ensures that wallet creation is eﬃcient and cost-eﬀective, avoiding the substantial gas fees that would typically associated with a deployment of a new smart contract wallet for every Atom. Upon the creation of an Atom, its corresponding Atom Wallet is allocated a certain number of Shares within the Atom’s Vault. Consequently, as interactions with the Atom occur, the Atom Wallet accrues a portion of the fee revenue generated. This mechanism serves as an economic incentive for individuals to ‘recover’ the Atom Wallet for Atoms they can substantiate rightful ownership of. If the gas costs associated with deploying the smart contract wallet are less than the accumulated ETH within the Atom Wallet, it becomes economically advantageous to claim the Atom Wallet. This incentivization structure ensures that rightful owners are motivated to assert control over their respective Atoms. Atom V ault A notable attribute of Atoms is the ability of users to manipulate their balances with respect to each Atom, reﬂecting users’ engagement and perceived relevance of each Atom. This capability enables the creation of a ranked list of Atoms based on relevance and usage, facilitating the discovery and utilization of the most pertinent Atoms for various purposes. To accomplish this, an Atom Vault enables users to deposit tokens into an Atom, thereby signaling its relevance and support within the system. Users can make deposits directly into Atom Vaults, and program- matically make deposits into Atom Vaults when interacting with Triples that include the Atom as one of their constituent elements. Our discussed implementation of Vaults adopts the ERC-4626 standard, although various alternative methods may be utilized to achieve this functionality. Depositing tokens into Atom Vaults serves multiple purposes. Primarily, it signals the relevance and support of an Atom. When users deposit tokens into an Atom Vault, they eﬀectively endorse the Atom, indicating their belief in its value within the community. This endorsement is driven by economic incentives, as users can beneﬁt from having a balance in Atoms that are frequently interacted with. Consequently, users are motivated to support Atoms they believe will gain traction and widespread acceptance. As each Atom’s popularity and acceptance grow, so does the potential for economic rewards for its supporters. The Total Value Locked (TVL) in an Atom Vault serves as a quantitative measure of the Atom’s acceptance and relevance within the system. A higher TVL indicates greater community support and acceptance, providing a clear signal to other users about which Atoms are considered canonical for the concepts they represent. This TVL not only signiﬁes support but also drives further interaction and engagement within the Intuition network. Additionally, users deposit tokens into Atom Vaults indirectly through interactions with Triples that include the Atoms. Triples are semantic structures that describe relationships between Atoms, and depositing tokens into Triples automatically results in deposits into the associated Atoms’ Vaults. This interconnected system ensures that support for individual Atoms is reﬂected through various interactions within the Intuition network. The cumulative eﬀect of these deposits creates a Token Curated Registry (TCR) of all Atoms within the Intuition system, as curated by interaction and usage. This TCR functions as a decentralized, community-curated registry of identiﬁers for all things, continuously evolving based on the community’s interactions and endorsements. 56 Atom Creation & Usage To create an Atom on-chain, an atomUri, which can be any arbitrary bytes, must be provided. While any bytes are permissible as the atomUri, it is recommended that these bytes resolve to a URI referencing meaningful data. The creation of an Atom requires a minimum payment, known as atomCost. This atomCost includes several fees: 1. Atom Creation F ee atomCreationFee: An amount paid to the Intuition Protocol for the creation of an Atom. All ‘protocol fees’, or fees paid to the Intuition Protocol, may be likened to a ‘gas cost’ in any blockchain-based system. These protocol fees serve two primary purposes: 1. Aiding in the prevention of Sybil & DOS attacks 2. Ensuring the maintenance and upkeep of the system by imposing fees which outweigh the cost of computation and storage of each action 3. Initial W allet Deposit walletInitialDeposit: An amount deposited into the respective Atom’s Vault on behalf of the atomWallet, granting the atomWallet Shares of its own Vault. The primary purpose of the walletInitialDeposit is to ensure that each atomWallet accumulates value as the Atom is interacted with, thereby incentivizing those who can prove rightful ownership over the Atom to claim the atomWallet. For instance, consider an Atom created for Restaurant A that has gained signiﬁcant traction and activity. A portion of all fees paid will be allocated to the atomWallet due to the Shares purchased through the walletInitialDeposit. Consequently, over time, the bounty for Restaurant A (or its owner/team) to onboard to Intuition and ‘recover’ the atomWallet becomes economically attractive. [resume]Ghost Shares minShare: A ﬁxed amount used to purchase ‘ghost shares’ in the vault for a neutral address (e.g., a protocol- controlled address or a zero address). This mechanism is designed to prevent inﬂation attacks and stabilize pricing when shares or assets approach zero value. Atom Deposit on Creation Should the amount provided by the Atom creator surpass the speciﬁed atomCost, the surplus is deposited into the Atom’s Vault on behalf of the creator. This mechanism aids in preventing front-running and enables the Atom creator to acquire the initial shares of their newly-created Atom. Upon invocation of the _depositOnVaultCreation function to facilitate the purchase of shares, a protocolDepositFee is applied, representing a percentage of the deposited amount. Share Price When depositing in a Vault, the number of shares received is dictated by the current sharePrice of the Vault, which is determined by the bonding curve of the respective Vault. Any Vault may have any arbitrary bonding curve, an element of the system further explored in future sections. A bonding curve is a mathematical concept used in tokenomics to deﬁne the relationship between the price of a token and its supply. It serves as a pricing mechanism that dynamically adjusts the price of a token based on the number of tokens in circulation or the total value locked within a system. In the context of Vaults, bonding curves are utilized to establish the sharePrice, inﬂuencing how many shares are received per unit of deposit and how they appreciate over time. 57 Bonding curves can take various forms, but they all share some common principles: 1.• F ormula-Based Pricing: A bonding curve is typically deﬁned by a mathematical formula, such as a linear, polynomial, or exponential equation, which dictates how the sharePrice changes with respect to the supply of shares or the amount of capital in the Vault. • Dynamic Adjustments : As more capital is deposited into the Vault and more shares are issued, the bonding curve adjusts the sharePrice accordingly. Conversely, when capital is withdrawn and shares are burned, the sharePrice may decrease based on the curve’s design. • Incentivizing Early Participation : Bonding curves often reward early participants with lower entry prices. As the Vault grows and more capital is deposited, the sharePrice increases, providing an incentive for early investors. Atom Structuring The structuring of Atoms within the Intuition framework is guided by the principle of economic optimization. Given the economic bandwidth required for the creation of an Atom, it is economically advantageous to generate high-quality Atoms rather than suboptimal ones. Users are incentivized to ensure that the Atoms they create are maximally relevant and reusable to optimize their economic rewards. Consider the concept of ‘trustworthy’ . If a user intends to express a statement involving this concept and ﬁnds no existing Atom that adequately captures it, the user is motivated to create a new Atom. In doing so, the user might adhere to established schemas such as the https://schema.org/DeﬁnedTerm, incorporating as much pertinent data as possible. Additionally, the user might reference the concept ‘trustworthy’ within a lexical corpus like WordNet to enhance the Atom’s utility across diﬀerent languages. While it is possible for the user to create an Atom that merely represents the raw string ‘trustworthy’, this approach would likely result in an Atom that